![]() When this is applied to a file, it means the file will be executed with the privileges of the ower's group. The execution permission for the group can also be an s. If it is present, it means that the file is executed with the privileges of the file owner, not the user executing the file. Sometimes the execution permission for the owner is represented by an s. The second set of three permissions are for group members, and the last set of three permissions is for others. The first set of three characters are the permissions for the file owner. If the permission is not granted, a hyphen - is shown. ![]() ![]() If the permission is granted, there will be an r, w, or x present. Each group of three represent the read, write, and execute permissions, in that order. The next nine characters are three groups of three characters displayed contiguously. Let's look at the definition of ls:type ls ![]() Amongst other things, the type command can be used to show the underlying definition of aliases. In fact, in most distributions, what you think of as the "naked" ls command is actually an alias. Useful permutations of the ls command with their strings of options and parameters are the perfect candidates for aliases. There are so many options, how do you sift through them to find the useful ones? And having found them, how do you remember them? The ls command is one of those commands with a wealth of options. Beyond that, it gets little consideration. We list files in long format when we want to look at the permissions on a file. We list files with it to see what's in a directory. That might explain why there is more to this command than most users realize. Those of us who hang around the command line use it day in and day out without even thinking about it. The ls command is probably the first command most Linux users encounter. Pay it some attention, and you'll find many useful options - including some you should add to your command-line arsenal. ![]() We use the Linux ls command every day without thinking about it. ![]()
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